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Italy Images
Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.
View of Amalfi, Italy, with Mount Cerreto (1,315 m; 4,314 ft) in the background. Amalfi was a maritime power with 70,000 residents until 1343, when an earthquake and subsequent tsunami destroyed most of the city. The tower of the Amalfi Cathedral (Duomo di Amalfi), built in 1208, can be seen in the foreground.
View of homes in the city of Amalfi on the rugged western coast of Italy.
View of homes and hotels in the city of Amalfi on the rugged western coast of Italy.
Close-up of homes in the city of Amalfi on the rugged western coast of Italy.
View of homes in Positano on the rugged Amalfi Coast in Italy. The city is about 18 km east of the city of Amalfi and was a prosperous port in the Amalfi Republic during the 16th and 17th centuries.
This view shows Positano, Italy, which was built vertically on the face of a cliff on the rugged Amalfi Coast. In the foreground is the Our Lady of the Assumption (Santa Maria Assunta) church.
Positano is a small, picturesque town on Italy's Amalfi coast. In the 16th and 17th centuries, at the peak of its importance, it was the main port of the Amalfi Republic.
View of the city of Positano on Italy's Amalfi Coast, showing the Our Lady of the Assumption church in the foreground and homes built vertically on a cliff in the background.
The ceramic dome of the Our Lady of the Assumption church in Positano on Italy's Amalfi Coast.
Entrance to the church of Our Lady of the Assumption in Positano, Italy. The church was constructed as a Benedictine monastery in the 10th century and remodeled between 1777 and 1783.
Altar inside the Our Lady of the Assumption church in Positano, on Italy's Amalfi Coast. Above the altar is a 13th-century Byzantine Black Madonna and Child.
The town of Vernazza on the Italian Riviera is part of the Cinque Terre National Park that consists of five picturesque villages reached only by hiking trail, train, or ferry.
The ancient and historic city of Rome, Italy, showing the dome of the Pantheon on the left, the Monument of Victor Emanuel II in the left background, and various other church domes.
The Garibaldi Bridge over the Tiber River in Rome, Italy. The dome of St. Peter's Basilica appears in the background.
The Vittorio Emanuele Bridge over the Tiber River in Rome, Italy, with Vatican City in the background. The bridge was completed in 1911.
The Vittorio Emanuele Bridge over the Tiber River in Rome, Italy, with Vatican City in the background. The bridge was completed in 1911.
The Castel Sant'Angelo along the Tiber River in Rome, Italy, is also known as the Mausoleum of Hadrian. The Roman emperor built it as a tomb for himself and his family around A.D. 135. Succeeding emperors were also entombed there. The structure has since served as a fortress, a castle, and a museum.
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, was first used in A.D. 80. In Roman times, it was called the Flavian Amphitheater and held 50,000 spectators. The name "Colosseum" was introduced in medieval times and referred to a giant statue of Nero that stood nearby. The outer walls have three levels of arches with columns topped by Ionic capitals at the lower level and Doric and Corinthian at the top.
The arena of the Colosseum in Rome, Italy, was a wooden floor covered with sand, with rooms and passageways underneath for performers, sets, and animals. Spectator seating was divided into three sections: ordinary people sat in the upper level, the better-off in the middle sections, and the elite in the lower level.
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, had seating for 50,000 spectators. The upper level had supports for 240 masts that held up a canvas awning to shield the spectators from sun and rain.
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, showing the interior with a partial reconstruction of the wooden arena floor. The rooms and passageways under the floor were used for performers, sets, and animals. The arena could be flooded to recreate sea battles.
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, showing the exterior arches that once surrounded the building.
Ruins of a Roman building in Rome, Italy.
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) in Florence, Italy, is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Construction began in 1294, and consecration took place in 1442. Many of its 16 chapels are decorated with frescos by Giotto and his students. The basilica is the burial place of Galileo, Machiavelli, Michelangelo, and other famous Italian figures.
Church towers and the dome (in the far background) of the Duomo (Cathedral) in Florence, Italy.
The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence, Italy, at its narrowest point. The current structure dates to 1345 and houses shops on either side of the roadway.
The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence, Italy.
View on the Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) in Florence, Italy, with shops lining the roadway and the dome of the Duomo (Cathedral) in the background.
The Palazzo Vecchio (Old Palace), built between 1298 and 1314, is the traditional seat of the Florentine government in Italy. Its Torre d'Arnolfo (Arnolfo Tower) is 94m (308 ft) high and is a symbol of the city. The building, which stands on the Piazza della Signoria, is fronted by several famous statutes.
The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in front of the Duomo (Cathedral) in Florence, Italy, is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Its construction dates to between 1059 and 1128.
The east doors of the Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistery of Saint John) in Florence, Italy, referred to as "The Gates of Paradise." The gilded bronze doors took the artist, Lorenzo Ghiberti, 27 years to complete.
The façade of the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Saint Mary of the Flowers) in Florence, Italy. Begun in 1296, the structure was not finished until 1436. The cathedral complex consists of the church itself, the free-standing campanile (bell tower), and the Baptistery, which stands across the square (portion seen in upper left).
A view of the dome of the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) in Florence, Italy. Until modern times, the dome -- engineered by Brunelleschi -- was the largest in the world and remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The bell tower -- designed by Giotto -- appears on the left.
The dome of the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (Basilica of St. Mary of the Flower), also referred to as the Duomo (Cathedral), in Florence, Italy. Work on the Duomo began in 1296. The dome, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, was built between 1420 and 1436.
The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistry of St. John) in Pisa, Italy, dates to 1153. The building on the left is the Camposanto or walled cemetery. To the right is the Duomo (Cathedral) and the Campanile (Leaning Tower).
The façade of the Cathedral of Santa Maria of the Assumption in the Piazza del Duomo (Cathedral Plaza) or -- since the 20th century -- the Plaza del Miracoli (Plaza of Miracles) in Pisa, Italy. The cathedral dates from 1064.
Side view of the Cathedral of Santa Maria of the Assumption in Cathedral Plaza in Pisa, Italy. Master architect Rainaldo built it in the Pisan Romanesque style in the 12th century, using gray marble and white stone.
The Duomo (Cathedral) and Campanile (Leaning Bell Tower) in the Cathedral Plaza in Pisa, Italy. Because of a poorly laid foundation, the tower began to lean soon after construction in 1173.
Construction of the 55.9 (183.3 ft) high Campanile (bell tower) of the Duomo (cathedral) in Pisa, Italy -- popularly known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa -- began on August 9, 1173. Because of unstable subsoil and a shallow foundation, the tower began to lean five years later. To try to compensate for the tilt, medieval engineers built the upper floors with one side taller than the other, so that the tower is curved.
Fortrezza Nuova at the harbor in Livorno, Italy, on the west coast of Tuscany. The fortress was built for the Medici family in the late 16th Century.
The main street (Via Grande) in Livorno, Italy. The city also was known in history as "Leghorn."
The Palazzo Pamphilj (also spelled Pamphili) in the Plaza Navona in Rome, Italy. The palace was built in the 17th century for Pope Innocent X; it is now the Embassy of Brazil.
Façade of the Palazzo Pamphilj in the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy.
Fontana del Nettuna (Fountain of Neptune) in the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy. Giacomo della Porta constructed the fountain in 1574, and the statue of Neptune by Antonio della Porta was added in 1878.
View of Piazza San Pietro (Saint Peter's Square) in Rome, Italy. Gian Lorenzo Bernini laid out the 240 m (787 ft) elliptical space between 1657 to 1667.
Obelisk in Piazza San Pietro (Saint Peter's Square) in Rome, Italy. It is 25.3 m (83 ft) high and dates from 1835 B.C. Emperor Caligula brought it from Egypt for his circus, and Pope Sixtus V moved it to Saint Peter's Square in 1586.
The Papal Apartment occupies the top floor of the Apostolic Palace in Rome. The two right windows facing front are the study and bedroom of the pope.
Decorated doors leading into Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy.
Trajan's Column, a triumphal column in Rome, Italy, commemorates Roman Emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars (A.D. 101-102, 105-106).
Fountain of a sinking boat in the Plaza di Spagna in Rome, Italy, close to the Spanish Steps. The fountain is believed to be by Pietro Bernini.
The Spanish Steps in the Plaza di Spagna in Rome, Italy. The steps were built with a legacy from France in 1725 and lead to a French church, the Trinita del Monti.
La Fontana del Moro (The Fountain of the Moor) at the south end of the Plaza Navona in Rome, Italy, was designed by Giacomo della Porta in 1575. The statue of the Moor by Gian Lorenzo Bernini was added in 1653, although the original figures were moved to the Villa Borghese in 1871.
The obelisk in the Plaza Navona in Rome, Italy, was created in Aswan, Egypt, in the 1st century A.D. at the request of Emperor Domitian and formerly stood in the Circus Maximus. The Fountain of Four Rivers (Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi) surrounds the obelisk and was added by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1651. The fountain's four river gods represent the four continents under papal authority.
The Pantheon in the Plaza della Rotonda in Rome, Italy, dating from about A.D. 126 when the Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it over Marcus Agrippa's original temple dating from 27 B.C. The name comes from the Greek words "pan" (all) and "theos" (god). The Pantheon has been a Christian church since about 608.
Interior of the Pantheon in Rome, Italy. The dome is the largest masonry vault built in a perfect semi-sphere, with the diameter equal to the interior height of 43.3 m (142 ft), and it was one of the most important Roman architectural achievements.
The Trevi Fountain in Rome, Italy, designed by Nicola Salvi in 1732. It depicts Neptune's chariot being led by Tritons with sea horses -- one wild and one docile -- representing the varying moods of the sea.
A view of the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute (Basilica of St. Mary of Health) in Venice, Italy, a church constructed as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from a particularly devastating plague in 1630. Construction began in 1631 but was not completed until five decades later, in 1681.
Looking down on St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy, from the campanile (bell tower).
One of the four gilded lunettes on the façade of St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy.
A view of the Cathedral of St. Mark's in Venice, Italy, showing some of the saints adorning its roof and part of its bell tower.
View of St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy, showing the famous Greek horses and the astronomical clock. The bronze horses were originally installed at the Hippodrome in Constantinople and date back to at least the 4th century. In 1254, they came to Venice, where they remained until Napoleon took them to Paris in 1797. In 1815, the horses were returned to Venice, and the originals are now in St. Mark's Museum. The original astronomical clock was built between 1496-99.
The gondolas of Venice, Italy, have been city icons since they first were introduced in the 11th century. A gondola is a flat-bottomed rowing boat made of 280 pieces handmade from eight types of wood (lime, oak, mahogany, walnut, cherry, fir, larch, and elm).
A view of San Giorgio Maggiore Island in Venice, Italy, showing the Benedictine monastery established in 982 and the church of San Giorgio Maggiore (St. George the Great) designed by Palladio, which was begun in 1566 and completed in 1610.
San Giorgio Maggiore Island in Venice, Italy, viewed from St. Mark's bell tower.
A view of San Giorgio Maggiore Island in Venice, Italy, with gondolas in the foreground.
The Basilica of San Giorgio Maggiore (St. George the Great) on the island of the same name in Venice, Italy.
A gondola winds its way through a canal in Venice, Italy.
The Rialto Bridge was one of the first to span the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. The structure was originally built of wood, but after it collapsed twice under the weight of residents watching boat races, a stone bridge replaced it in 1591.
The Grand Canal, one of the major water-traffic corridors in Venice, Italy, as seen from the Rialto Bridge.
Gondola on a canal approaching the Bridge of Sighs in Venice, Italy.
The Bridge of Sighs over one of the many canals in Venice, Italy, was built in 1602 and connects the old prisons with the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace.
The village of San Pietro (Saint Peter) is at the entrance of Val Gardena (Gardena Valley) in the Dolomites in Italy.
Ortisei, a town in the Val Gardena, Italy.
Val Gardena is one of the top ski locales in Italy.
Cross-country skiing in Val Gardena, Italy.
The building of Castle Tyrol in Italy began in the 11th century, and construction continued for the next two centuries. The fortress was the residence of the Counts of Tyrol until 1363, when the Hapsburgs took possession. It is now home to the South Tyrol Museum of History.
View of the town of Meran, Italy, from Castle Tyrol.
A view of Tyrol Castle and the surrounding rugged mountains in Italy.
A scenic view of the town of Meran, Italy, nestled in the mountains.
Malcesine is an old medieval town on the eastern shore of Lago di Garda, Italy's largest lake.
Italy's Castello Scaligero, which has 13th century fortifications and an even older medieval tower, was home to the della Scala family who ruled the region in the 13th century. An Etruscan tomb has been found in the castle walls.
The Church of Saints Philip and James in Cortina, Italy, was completed in 1775. Its tower was built between 1851 and 1858.
Val Gardena in the Dolomites is one of five valleys in northern Italy with a majority of Ladin speakers. Nestled in the valley are three towns: Ortisei, the main settlement; Selva, the best known ski resort; and Santa Cristina, which lies between the other two towns.
The Dolomites around Cortina, Italy, are part of the Italian-speaking center of the Alps.
Street scene in Ortesei, Italy, the main town in the ski resort of Val Gardena in the Dolomites. In the center of the photo is St. Anthony's Chapel, built in 1673 on the main square.
Mountain scene in the Dolomites near Val Gardena, Italy.
Looking out over the Dolomites in Italy.
Cattle in Italy's Dolomites.
A foal and mare in the Dolomites in Italy.
Sunset in the Dolomites in Italy.
A view of a vineyard in Tuscany in Italy.
A farmhouse at a winery in Siena in Italy.
A grapevine at a vineyard in the town of San Giovanni, Italy.
Dawn in Assisi, Italy, reveals the dome of the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (St. Mary of the Angels).
Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, is Europe’s most active volcano (erupting for 500,00 years) and one of the largest volcanoes in the world. Its fiery lava flows have created fertile soils that support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain.
A Sicilian windmill in Italy.
Italy's Santuario di Cristo Re (Sanctuary of Christ the King) in Messina, Sicily, was built in 1937 after previous structures on the same site were destroyed by two earthquakes.
The Greek Theater in Taormina, Italy, on the east coast of Sicily.
The city of Naxos in Sicily, Italy, lies at the foot of Mount Etna. The resort city of Taormina is 7 km (4.5 mi) in the distance.
Close view of the city of Naxos in Sicily, Italy, on the slopes of Mount Etna.
View of the town of Savoca in northeast Sicily, Italy.
The Church of Saint Nicholas in Savoca in northeast Sicily, Italy. The wedding scene in the movie "The Godfather" was filmed in front of this church.
View of the town of Savoca, Italy, from the Church of Saint Nicholas.
Street scene in Savoca, Italy, with an Arab watch tower in the background.
Arab watch tower outside the town of Savoca in Sicily, Italy.
The Church of Saint Francis (or Saint Catherine) in Forza d'Agro, Sicily, Italy, where scenes from The Godfather Trilogy were filmed. Built in the 15th century by Franciscan friars, the church faces the town hall square; it was restored in 1991.
Steps leading to the Church of the Holy Trinity and to the Convento Agostiniano (Augustinian Convent) in Forza d'Agro in Sicily, Italy. The arch is named the Porta Durazzo.
The Church of the Holy Trinity in Forza d'Agro in Sicily, Italy, is also referred to as Saint Augustine's Church, because of the adjacent Augustinian Convent (Convento Agostiniano). The church was built in the 15th century and restored in 1576; the convent was constructed between 1559 and 1591.
The Colosseum ruins in Rome, Italy. The building remains an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.
A view of the upper portions of Italy's Roman Colosseum, showing many of its arches.
Close-up of some of the arches of the Roman Colosseum in Italy.
The Colosseum in Rome, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire, could seat at least 50,000. Begun in A.D. 72 and completed in A.D. 80, it accommodated gladiatorial contests, games, and spectacles.
A nighttime view of the Colosseum in Rome, Italy.
A close-up of the Pantheon in Rome, Italy.
Part of the inscription on the façade of the Pantheon in Rome, Italy, naming Marcus Agrippa as the builder. The structure was dedicated in 27 B.C. as a temple to all the gods.
The main altar of the Pantheon in Rome, Italy. Originally constructed in 27 B.C., Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the Pantheon in A.D. 126; it became a Roman Catholic church in the 7th century. The tombs of Raphael, two Italian kings, and various other notables are located in the Pantheon.
A view of the Forum in Rome, Italy.
The Roman Forum and Palatine Hill as seen through the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, Italy. The Arch was constructed in A.D. 203.
The Arch of Septimius Severus, located in the Forum in Rome, Italy, is a triumphal arch built by the Emperor Septimius Severus to commemorate his victory over the Parthian Empire. Completed in A.D. 203, the monument is almost 21 meters high, over 23 meters wide, and faced with white marble.
Evening at the Forum in Rome, Italy, with the Colosseum in the distance.
A nighttime view of Trajan's Market in Rome, Italy. Now a complex of ruins, it was built in A.D. 100-110. Its upper floor was filled with offices, and a road divided it from the lower floor, which held shops.
Piazza della Republica (Plaza of the Republic) looking down Via Nazionale in Rome, Italy. The Fountain of the Naiads was constructed in 1901.
The Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy, is surrounded by Baroque-era buildings and has been used for markets, theatrical shows, and horse races. Its Fountain of the Four Rivers was sculpted by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1651.
The Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland) in Rome honors the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II. Designed by Giuseppe Sacconi, the monument was built between 1895 and 1911 and contains a museum dedicated to the history of the unification of Italy, as well as a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
One of the allegorical statues at the foot of the Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II) in Rome, Italy. Victor Emmanuel was the first king of a unified Italy, ruling from 1861-1878.
A view of Canopus, a sanctuary to the god Serapis, located in Tivoli, Italy, at the villa of Emperor Hadrian (also known as Villa Adriana). The villa complex was created as a retreat for the emperor.
A view of Canopus, sanctuary of the god Serapis, at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy.
Statue of Saint Benedict at the Abbey of Monte Cassino, about 130 km (80 mi) southeast of Rome, Italy. Benedict established his first monastery here in about 529.
The "boot" of Italy can be seen in this image, running diagonally southward from the horizon across the center of the frame, with the lights of Rome and Naples visible on the coast near the center. Sardinia and Corsica are just above left center of the photo, and Sicily is at lower left. The Adriatic Sea is on the other side of Italy, and beyond it to the east and north can be seen parts of several other European nations. Image courtesy of NASA.
Steam venting inside the crater on Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
View inside the caldera of Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
Inside the caldera on Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
Countryside view from the top of Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
A view of the Bay of Naples from Sorrento, Italy.
Christmas decorations in Piazza Tasso, Sorrento, Italy.
The Farnese Bull at the Archeological Museum in Naples, Italy.
A view of some of the ruins at Pompeii, Italy, buried in the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79 and not rediscovered until the 18th century.
The forum at Pompeii, Italy, with Mt. Vesuvius in the background.
Floor mosaic in Pompeii, Italy, the Roman town buried in the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Pompeii is a short distance from the Gulf of Naples and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Part of a Roman home buried in Pompeii, Italy, by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79. The tragedy has proved a boon for historians and archaeologists, providing a snapshot of Roman life from the 1st century.
A view of some of the remarkably well-preserved buildings in Herculaneum, Italy.
Ancient Roman mosaic in the House of Neptune and Amphitrite in Herculaneum, Italy.
A mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite in a house in Herculaneum, Italy.
Columns at the House of Argos in Herculaneum, Italy.
The interior of a Roman bath house in Herculaneum, Italy.
Funerary altar and statue of Marcus Nonium Balbus in Herculaneum, Italy.
House of the Skeleton in Herculaneum, Italy.
A thermopolium (hot food shop) in Herculaneum, Italy.
A fresco at the College of Augustales in Herculaneum, Italy.
The First Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy. Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia (southern Italy). The ruins of Paestum are famous for their well-preserved ancient Greek temples -- including two dedicated to Hera -- dating from about 550 to 450 B.C.
The Second Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum in southern Italy dates to circa 450 B.C.
The Greek Temple of Athena at Paestum in southern Italy dates to circa 500 B.C.
A view of the Greek Temple of Athena at Paestum, Italy, which dates to circa 500 B.C.
La Scala (Teatro Alla Scala) in Milan, Italy, is one of the most famous theaters in the world and is known as the "Temple of Opera." The theater was built in 1778 on the former site of the Church of Santa Maria alla Scala, from which it draws its name.
In 1872, this monument honoring Leonardo da Vinci was erected in the Piazza della Scala in front of the La Scala Theater in Milan, Italy. Designed and sculpted by Pietro Magni, the statue depicts da Vinci on a pedestal, with statues of four of his favorite students at his feet.
This statue of Galileo Galilei is one of 28 statues in front of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. The statues honor famous people in the arts, politics, science, and religion. Among Galileo's discoveries were the confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the moons of Jupiter (later named the Galilean moons in his honor), and his observation and analysis of sunspots, all done using a telescope of his design and construction.
View of the east side of the Piazza de Ferrari, the main square of Genoa, Italy. The huge plaza is renowned for its beautiful fountain, behind which is the Palace of the New Stock Exchange. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.
Stromboli Volcano in the Aeolian Islands in Italy. Mount Stromboli has been in almost continuous eruption for more than 2,000 years; its last serious eruption occurred in 1921. Photo courtesy of NOAA / Michael Theberge.
View of Amalfi, Italy, with Mount Cerreto (1,315 m; 4,314 ft) in the background. Amalfi was a maritime power with 70,000 residents until 1343, when an earthquake and subsequent tsunami destroyed most of the city. The tower of the Amalfi Cathedral (Duomo di Amalfi), built in 1208, can be seen in the foreground.
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Italy Factbook Data
Diplomatic representation from the US
embassy: via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma
mailing address: 9500 Rome Place, Washington DC 20521-9500
telephone: [39] 06-46741
FAX: [39] 06-4674-2244
email address and website:
uscitizenrome@state.gov
https://it.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
Age structure
15-64 years: 64.5% (male 19,378,160/female 19,958,137)
65 years and over: 23.6% (2024 est.) (male 6,336,738/female 8,060,995)
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.
Geographic coordinates
Sex ratio
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Heliports
Natural hazards
regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice
volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2013, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini
Area - comparative
almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona
Military service age and obligation
note: women serve in all military branches; as of 2023, women made up about 8% of the military's full-time personnel
Background
Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946, and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO, as well as the European Economic Community (EEC) and its successors, the EC and the EU. It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.
Environment - current issues
Environment - international agreements
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol
Population below poverty line
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Household income or consumption by percentage share
highest 10%: 26.2% (2021 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Exports - commodities
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Exports - partners
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Administrative divisions
15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)
regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto
autonomous regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna (Sardinia), Sicilia (Sicily), Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German), Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)
Agricultural products
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Military and security forces
note 1: the National Police and Carabinieri (gendarmerie or military police) maintain internal security; the National Police reports to the Ministry of Interior while the Carabinieri reports to the Ministry of Defense but is also under the coordination of the Ministry of Interior; the Carabinieri is primarily a domestic police force organized along military lines, with some overseas responsibilities
note 2: the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration
Budget
expenditures: $1.015 trillion (2022 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Capital
geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city and its first king
Imports - commodities
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Climate
Coastline
Constitution
amendments: proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote; amended many times, last in 2020; note - in June 2024, the Senate approved in its first vote an amendment calling for the direct election of the prime minister; subsequent votes by both the Senate and House of Deputies is required for passage; lacking approval by Parliament, approval is required by constitutional referendum
Exchange rates
Exchange rates:
0.925 (2023 est.)
0.95 (2022 est.)
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)
0.893 (2019 est.)
Executive branch
head of government: Prime Minister Giorgia MELONI (since 22 October 2022); the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, known officially as the President of the Council of Ministers and locally as the Premier; nominated by the president
elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24-29 January 2022 (eight rounds) (next to be held in 2029); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament
election results:
2022: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) reelected president; electoral college vote count in eighth round - 759 out of 1,009 (505 vote threshold)
2015: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 995 (505 vote threshold)
Flag description
note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
Illicit drugs
important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe
Independence
Industries
Judicial branch
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years
subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)
Land boundaries
border countries (6): Austria 404 km; France 476 km; Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km; San Marino 37 km; Slovenia 218 km; Switzerland 698 km
Land use
arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.4% (2018 est.)
other: 21.5% (2018 est.)
Legal system
Legislative branch
Senate or Senato della Repubblica (205 seats; 122 members in multi-seat constituencies directly elected by proportional representation vote, 74 members in single-seat constituencies directly elected by plurality vote, 4 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad directly elected by proportional representation vote, and 5 members appointed by the president of Italy; all members serve 5-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (400 seats; 245 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; 147 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by plurality vote and 8 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 25 September 2022 (next to be held no later than December 2027)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 25 September 2022; note - snap elections were called when Prime Minister DRAGHI resigned and the parliament was dissolved on 21 July 2022 (next to be held on 30 September 2027)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - center-right coalition 113 (FdI 65, Lega 30, FI 18), center-left coalition 43 (PD 40, AVS 3), M5S 28, Action-Italia Viva 9, SVP 2, MAIE 1, ScN 1; composition - men 131, women 74, percentage women 36.1%
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-right coalition 230 (FdI 119, Lega 66, FI 45), center-left coalition 83 (PD 69, AVS 12, +EU 2), M5S 52, Action-Italia Viva 21, SVP 3, MAIE 1, ScN 1; composition - men 271, women 129, percentage women 32.3%; total Parliament percentage women 33.6%
Literacy
total population: 99.2%
male: 99.4%
female: 99% (2018)
Maritime claims
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
International organization participation
National holiday
Nationality
adjective: Italian
Natural resources
Geography - note
Economic overview
Pipelines
Political parties
Action-Italia Viva
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad or MAIE
Brothers of Italy or FdI
Democratic Party or PD
Five Star Movement or M5S
Forza Italia or FI
Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU
Greens and Left Alliance or AVS
Italexit
League or Lega
More Europe or +EU
Popular Union or PU
South calls North or ScN
South Tyrolean Peoples Party or SVP
other minor parties
Suffrage
Telecommunication systems
domestic: 34 per 100 for fixed-line and nearly 132 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)
international: country code - 39; landing points for Italy-Monaco, Italy-Libya, Italy-Malta, Italy-Greece-1, Italy-Croatia, BlueMed, Janna, FEA, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, Trapani-Kelibia, Columbus-III, Didon, GO-1, HANNIBAL System, MENA, Bridge International, Malta-Italy Interconnector, Melita1, IMEWE, VMSCS, AAE-1, and OTEGLOBE, submarine cables that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean) (2019)
Terrain
Government type
Country name
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy
etymology: derivation is unclear, but the Latin "Italia" may come from the Oscan "Viteliu" meaning "[Land] of Young Cattle" (the bull was a symbol of southern Italic tribes)
Location
Map references
Irrigated land
Diplomatic representation in the US
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2154
email address and website:
washington.ambasciata@esteri.it
https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit
Internet country code
Refugees and internally displaced persons
stateless persons: 3,000 (2022)
note: 861,413 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)
GDP (official exchange rate)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Credit ratings
Moody's rating: Baa3 (2018)
Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2017)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Total renewable water resources
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2020)
Urbanization
rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Broadcast media
Drinking water source
rural: NA
total: 99.9% of population
unimproved: urban: NA
rural: NA
total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)
National anthem
lyrics/music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO
note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli D'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)
Major urban areas - population
International law organization participation
Physician density
Hospital bed density
National symbol(s)
Mother's mean age at first birth
Contraceptive prevalence rate
note: percent of women aged 18-49
GDP - composition, by end use
government consumption: 18.1% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 21.2% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -0.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 35.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -33.7% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Dependency ratios
youth dependency ratio: 19.9
elderly dependency ratio: 37.2
potential support ratio: 2.7 (2021 est.)
Citizenship
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others
Population distribution
Electricity access
National air transport system
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 180
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 27,630,435 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1.418 billion (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
Sanitation facility access
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Ethnic groups
Religions
Languages
major-language sample(s):
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Imports - partners
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Elevation
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 538 m
Current health expenditure
Military - note
Italy has been an active member of NATO since its founding in 1948, and the Alliance is a cornerstone of Rome’s national security strategy; it is a strong supporter of European/EU defense cooperation and integration; Italy is a frequent participant in EU, NATO, UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations; key areas of emphasis for Italy’s security policy and multinational cooperation are NATO/Europe’s eastern and southern flanks, including the Mediterranean Sea, East and North Africa, and the Middle East and its adjacent waters
Italy is one of NATO’s leading contributors of military forces and participates in such missions as NATO’s Air Policing in the Baltics, the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, and maritime patrols in the Mediterranean and beyond; it hosts NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples and a NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters in Milan, as well as the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force in Rome; in addition, Italy has close defense ties with the US and hosts several US military air, army, and naval bases and facilities (2024)
Military and security service personnel strengths
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
Military deployments
note 1: Italy has about 11,500 total air, ground, and naval forces deployed on foreign missions
note 2: since 1960, Italy has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions, and it hosts a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions
Terrorist group(s)
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Total water withdrawal
industrial: 7.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 7,646,716 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.9% (2015 est.)
Average household expenditures
on alcohol and tobacco: 4.2% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
Air pollutants
methane emissions: 41.3 megatons (2020 est.)
Major watersheds (area sq km)
National heritage
selected World Heritage Site locales:
Historic Center of Rome (c); Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata (c); Venice and its Lagoon (c); Historic Center of Florence (c); Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (c); Historic Centre of Naples (c); Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)(c); Villa d'Este, Tivoli (c); Mount Etna (n); Rock Drawings in Valcamonica (c); Historic Siena (c);Rock Drawings in Valcamonica(c); Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci (c);Historic Centre of San Gimignano (c); The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera (c); City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto (c); Crespi d'Adda (c); Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta 15 (c); Castel del Monte (c); Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna (c); Historic Centre of the City of Pienza (c);The Trulli of Alberobello (c); 18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex (c); Archaeological Area of Agrigento (c); Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua (c); Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena (c); Costiera Amalfitana (c); Residences of the Royal House of Savoy (c); Su Nuraxi di Barumini (c); Villa Romana del Casale (c); Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia (c); Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula (c); Historic Centre of Urbino (c); Villa Adriana (Tivoli) (c); Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites (c); City of Verona (c); Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) (n); Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily) (c); Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy (c); Monte San Giorgio (n); Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (c); Val d'Orcia (c); Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica (c); Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Mantua and Sabbioneta (c); Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes (c);The Dolomites (n); Longobards in Italy. Places of the Power (568-774 A.D.) (c); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany (c); Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato (c); Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale (c); Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar (c); Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century (c); Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene (c);Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles (c); The Great Spa Towns of Europe (c); The Porticoes of Bologna (c); Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines (n); Via Appia. Regina Viarum (c)
Coal
consumption: 13.127 million metric tons (2022 est.)
exports: 294,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports: 12.462 million metric tons (2022 est.)
proven reserves: 609.999 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Electricity generation sources
solar: 9.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
wind: 7.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
hydroelectricity: 10% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
geothermal: 2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
biomass and waste: 7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Natural gas
consumption: 68.735 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
exports: 4.594 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
imports: 72.579 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
proven reserves: 45.76 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 1.246 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 497.934 million barrels (2021 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
Remittances
0.51% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.49% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Nuclear energy
Space program overview
note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide
Space launch site(s)
Space agency/agencies
Geoparks
global geoparks and regional networks: Adamello-Brenta; Alpi Apuane; Aspromonte; Beigua; Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni; Madonie; Maiella; Pollino; Rocca di Cerere; Sesia Val Grande; Tuscan Mining Park (2023)
Ports
large: 12
medium: 11
small: 71
very small: 28
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 33
key ports: Brindisi, Civitavecchia, Genova, Gioia Tauro, La Spezia, Livorno, Messina, Napoli, Porto di Lido-Venezia, Siracusa, Taranto, Trieste
Labor force
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male: 21.2% (2023 est.)
female: 25.2% (2023 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Net migration rate
Median age
male: 47.4 years
female: 49.4 years
Maternal mortality ratio
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$224.581 billion (2022 est.)
$227.478 billion (2021 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Waterways
Public debt
note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds
Total fertility rate
Military expenditures
1.5% of GDP (2023)
1.5% of GDP (2022)
1.5% of GDP (2021)
1.6% of GDP (2020)
Unemployment rate
8.07% (2022 est.)
9.5% (2021 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Population
male: 29,414,065
female: 31,550,866 (2024 est.)
Internet users
percent of population: 75% (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
from coal and metallurgical coke: 27.291 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 157.6 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 131.687 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
Area
land: 294,140 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km
note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
Taxes and other revenues
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$3.068 trillion (2022 est.)
$2.951 trillion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Roadways
Airports
Infant mortality rate
male: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Telephones - mobile cellular
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 133 (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
8.2% (2022 est.)
1.87% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Current account balance
-$32.783 billion (2022 est.)
$51.549 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Real GDP per capita
$52,100 (2022 est.)
$49,900 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)
Tobacco use
male: 26.6% (2020 est.)
female: 19.5% (2020 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
Energy consumption per capita
Death rate
Birth rate
Electricity
consumption: 298.32 billion kWh (2022 est.)
exports: 4.419 billion kWh (2022 est.)
imports: 47.402 billion kWh (2022 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 18.827 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Merchant marine
by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 6, general cargo 109, oil tanker 95, other 1,049
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
Imports
$785.549 billion (2022 est.)
$644.93 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports
$752.864 billion (2022 est.)
$691.428 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Telephones - fixed lines
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer: 1.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
male: 80.7 years
female: 85.5 years
Real GDP growth rate
3.99% (2022 est.)
8.31% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Industrial production growth rate
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Railways
1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry: 23.1% (2023 est.)
services: 64.9% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data