Mexico - MX - MEX - MEX - North America

Last updated: January 02, 2025
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  • Mexico's towering and unpredictable Popocatepetl is the country's most-active volcano and second-highest peak. The 5,462 m stratovolcano, located approximately 70 km (43.5 miles) southeast of Mexico City, is shown spewing ash, smoke, and gas during a January 2024 eruption. Popocatepetl means "Smoking Mountain" in the indigenous Nahuatl language. Photo courtesy of NASA.

    Mexico's towering and unpredictable Popocatepetl is the country's most-active volcano and second-highest peak. The 5,462 m stratovolcano, located approximately 70 km (43.5 miles) southeast of Mexico City, is shown spewing ash, smoke, and gas during a January 2024 eruption. Popocatepetl means "Smoking Mountain" in the indigenous Nahuatl language. Photo courtesy of NASA.

  • Beach resort of Costa Maya at Quintana Roo.

    Beach resort of Costa Maya at Quintana Roo.

  • The east-side view of El Castillo (The Castle), the famous pyramid at Chichen Itza in the Yucatan peninsula, shows both restored and unrestored portions of the structure. The Maya center of Chichen Itza, which became a World Heritage Site in 1988, was founded in the fifth century A.D. A second settler infusion by migrating Toltecs from central Mexico occurred in the 10th century. A blending of Maya and Toltec architectural traditions developed in the following centuries until the site was abandoned about the middle of the 15th century.

    The east-side view of El Castillo (The Castle), the famous pyramid at Chichen Itza in the Yucatan peninsula, shows both restored and unrestored portions of the structure. The Maya center of Chichen Itza, which became a World Heritage Site in 1988, was founded in the fifth century A.D. A second settler infusion by migrating Toltecs from central Mexico occurred in the 10th century. A blending of Maya and Toltec architectural traditions developed in the following centuries until the site was abandoned about the middle of the 15th century.

  • One of the smaller step pyramids at the massive archaeological site of Teotihuacan (approximately 40 km or 25 mi northeast of Mexico City).

    One of the smaller step pyramids at the massive archaeological site of Teotihuacan (approximately 40 km or 25 mi northeast of Mexico City).

  • The Chacchoben Maya temple pyramid in the state of Quintana Roo dates to about A.D. 700; it was originally painted red and yellow.

    The Chacchoben Maya temple pyramid in the state of Quintana Roo dates to about A.D. 700; it was originally painted red and yellow.

  • Excavated Maya walls at Chacchoben, Quintana Roo.

    Excavated Maya walls at Chacchoben, Quintana Roo.

  • Traces of red paint still visible on a Maya carving at Chacchoben, Quintana Roo.

    Traces of red paint still visible on a Maya carving at Chacchoben, Quintana Roo.

  • A view of the Palace of Palenque, in Chiapas State. Palenque is one of the most beautiful and archaeologically important lowland Maya sites; it reached its maximum extent between A.D. 600–700. The Palace, located in the center of the site, is the largest building complex in Palenque measuring 97 m by 73 m at its base. The most unusual and recognizable feature of The Palace is the four-story structure known as The Observation Tower. The Palace Complex is built atop an immense low platform, and was expanded and remodeled over the centuries.

    A view of the Palace of Palenque, in Chiapas State. Palenque is one of the most beautiful and archaeologically important lowland Maya sites; it reached its maximum extent between A.D. 600–700. The Palace, located in the center of the site, is the largest building complex in Palenque measuring 97 m by 73 m at its base. The most unusual and recognizable feature of The Palace is the four-story structure known as The Observation Tower. The Palace Complex is built atop an immense low platform, and was expanded and remodeled over the centuries.

  • The poinsettia, the traditional holiday plant, is native to Mexico and Central America and is found in the wild in mid-elevation tropical dry forests and on Pacific-facing slopes in steep canyons. The Aztecs used the plant for red dye and for medicinal purposes. The poinsettia’s association with Christmas dates back to the 17th century when Franciscan friars in Mexico used them in holiday celebrations. The star-shaped leaf pattern came to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem and the red color Jesus’s sacrifice at the crucifixion. The plant derives its name from the first US Ambassador to Mexico, Joel Roberts Poinsett. In 1825, while visiting Taxco, he became fascinated with the plants and sent some to his home in South Carolina. Poinsett, a botanist, propagated the plants and gave them to friends and to botanical gardens. In 1833, the plant was named after him. Robert Buist, a nurseryman, received some of Poinsett’s plants and is believed to be the first person to sell the plant in the US. Poinsettias became popular beginning in the early 1900s and remain synonymous as a holiday decoration in homes, churches, offices, and elsewhere across North America. Picture courtesy of USDA/Peggy Greb

    The poinsettia, the traditional holiday plant, is native to Mexico and Central America and is found in the wild in mid-elevation tropical dry forests and on Pacific-facing slopes in steep canyons. The Aztecs used the plant for red dye and for medicinal purposes. The poinsettia’s association with Christmas dates back to the 17th century when Franciscan friars in Mexico used them in holiday celebrations. The star-shaped leaf pattern came to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem and the red color Jesus’s sacrifice at the crucifixion. The plant derives its name from the first US Ambassador to Mexico, Joel Roberts Poinsett. In 1825, while visiting Taxco, he became fascinated with the plants and sent some to his home in South Carolina. Poinsett, a botanist, propagated the plants and gave them to friends and to botanical gardens. In 1833, the plant was named after him. Robert Buist, a nurseryman, received some of Poinsett’s plants and is believed to be the first person to sell the plant in the US. Poinsettias became popular beginning in the early 1900s and remain synonymous as a holiday decoration in homes, churches, offices, and elsewhere across North America. Picture courtesy of USDA/Peggy Greb

  • Flamingos on Isla Holbox off the Yucatan Peninsula. Photo courtesy of NOAA.

    Flamingos on Isla Holbox off the Yucatan Peninsula. Photo courtesy of NOAA.

  • Mexico's towering and unpredictable Popocatepetl is the country's most-active volcano and second-highest peak. The 5,462 m stratovolcano, located approximately 70 km (43.5 miles) southeast of Mexico City, is shown spewing ash, smoke, and gas during a January 2024 eruption. Popocatepetl means "Smoking Mountain" in the indigenous Nahuatl language. Photo courtesy of NASA.

    Mexico's towering and unpredictable Popocatepetl is the country's most-active volcano and second-highest peak. The 5,462 m stratovolcano, located approximately 70 km (43.5 miles) southeast of Mexico City, is shown spewing ash, smoke, and gas during a January 2024 eruption. Popocatepetl means "Smoking Mountain" in the indigenous Nahuatl language. Photo courtesy of NASA.

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  • The Catedral Metropolitana de la Asuncion de Maria (Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary) on the Zocalo (main square) in Mexico City.
  • Beach resort of Costa Maya at Quintana Roo.
  • The east-side view of El Castillo (The Castle), the famous pyramid at Chichen Itza in the Yucatan peninsula, shows both restored and unrestored portions of the structure. The Maya center of Chichen Itza, which became a World Heritage Site in 1988, was founded in the fifth century A.D. A second settler infusion by migrating Toltecs from central Mexico occurred in the 10th century. A blending of Maya and Toltec architectural traditions developed in the following centuries until the site was abandoned about the middle of the 15th century.
  • One of the smaller step pyramids at the massive archaeological site of Teotihuacan (approximately 40 km or 25 mi northeast of Mexico City).
  • The Chacchoben Maya temple pyramid in the state of Quintana Roo dates to about A.D. 700; it was originally painted red and yellow.
  • Excavated Maya walls at Chacchoben, Quintana Roo.
  • Traces of red paint still visible on a Maya carving at Chacchoben, Quintana Roo.
  • A view of the Palace of Palenque, in Chiapas State. Palenque is one of the most beautiful and archaeologically important lowland Maya sites; it reached its maximum extent between A.D. 600–700. The Palace, located in the center of the site, is the largest building complex in Palenque measuring 97 m by 73 m at its base. The most unusual and recognizable feature of The Palace is the four-story structure known as The Observation Tower. The Palace Complex is built atop an immense low platform, and was expanded and remodeled over the centuries.
  • The poinsettia, the traditional holiday plant, is native to Mexico and Central America and is found in the wild in mid-elevation tropical dry forests and on Pacific-facing slopes in steep canyons. The Aztecs used the plant for red dye and for medicinal purposes. The poinsettia’s association with Christmas dates back to the 17th century when Franciscan friars in Mexico used them in holiday celebrations. The star-shaped leaf pattern came to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem and the red color Jesus’s sacrifice at the crucifixion. The plant derives its name from the first US Ambassador to Mexico, Joel Roberts Poinsett. In 1825, while visiting Taxco, he became fascinated with the plants and sent some to his home in South Carolina. Poinsett, a botanist, propagated the plants and gave them to friends and to botanical gardens. In 1833, the plant was named after him. Robert Buist, a nurseryman, received some of Poinsett’s plants and is believed to be the first person to sell the plant in the US. Poinsettias became popular beginning in the early 1900s and remain synonymous as a holiday decoration in homes, churches, offices, and elsewhere across North America. Picture courtesy of USDA/Peggy Greb
  • Flamingos on Isla Holbox off the Yucatan Peninsula. Photo courtesy of NOAA.
  • Mexico's towering and unpredictable Popocatepetl is the country's most-active volcano and second-highest peak. The 5,462 m stratovolcano, located approximately 70 km (43.5 miles) southeast of Mexico City, is shown spewing ash, smoke, and gas during a January 2024 eruption. Popocatepetl means "Smoking Mountain" in the indigenous Nahuatl language. Photo courtesy of NASA.

Mexico Factbook Data

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Ken SALAZAR (since 14 September 2021)

embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtémoc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX

mailing address: 8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC  20521-8700

telephone: (011) [52]-55-5080-2000

FAX: (011) 52-55-5080-2005

email address and website:
ACSMexicoCity@state.gov

https://mx.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mérida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004)

15-64 years: 68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174)

65 years and over: 8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)
2023 population pyramid
This is the population pyramid for Mexico. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page.

Geographic coordinates

23 00 N, 102 00 W

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Heliports

460 (2024)

Natural hazards

tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts

volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Area comparison map

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary enlistment for men and women; 18 years of age for compulsory military service for men (selection for service determined by lottery); conscript service obligation is 12 months; those selected serve on Saturdays in a Batallón del Servicio Militar Nacional (National Military Service Battalion) composed entirely of 12-month Servicio Militar Nacional (SMN) conscripts; conscripts remain in reserve status until the age of 40; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; National Guard: single men and women 18-30 years of age may volunteer (2023)

note: as of 2023, women comprised about 10% of the active-duty Army, Air Force, and Navy, and about 14% of the National Guard

Background

Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018.

The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.

Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.

Environment - current issues

scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Population below poverty line

36.3% (2022 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.1% (2022 est.)

highest 10%: 34.4% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Exports - commodities

cars, computers, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks (2022)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

US 77%, Canada 4%, China 2%, Taiwan 1%, South Korea 1% (2022)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Administrative divisions

32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

Agricultural products

sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, wheat, chilies/peppers, lemons/limes (2022)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Military and security forces

the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de México) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy:

Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM))

Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2024)

note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy; the Guard was placed under the civilian-led Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection, while the SEDENA had day-to-day operational control and provided the commanders and the training; in September 2022, Mexico’s Congress passed legislation shifting complete control of the National Guard to the military; however, in 2023 the move was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; the Guard, along with state and municipal police, is responsible for enforcing the law and maintaining order; the regular military also actively supports police operations

Budget

revenues: $282.751 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $327.211 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Capital

name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)

geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W

time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: DST was permanently removed in October 2022

time zone note: Mexico has four time zones

etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, machine parts, integrated circuits, natural gas (2022)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Climate

varies from tropical to desert

Coastline

9,330 km

Constitution

history: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917

amendments: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2024

Exchange rates

Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
17.759 (2023 est.)
20.127 (2022 est.)
20.272 (2021 est.)
21.486 (2020 est.)
19.264 (2019 est.)

Executive branch

chief of state: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)

head of government: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2030)

election results:
2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, Xóchitl GÁLVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge Álvarez MÁYNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3%

2018: Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9%

2012: Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%

note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City

note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band

Illicit drugs

significant source and transit country for fentanyl, fentanyl-laced counterfeit pills, other synthetic opioids, cocaine from South America, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine destined for the United States; a destination for synthetic drug precursor chemicals from China, India, and other countries

Independence

16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

Industries

food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms

subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts

note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

Land boundaries

total: 4,389 km

border countries (3): Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

Land use

agricultural land: 54.9% (2018 est.)

arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)

other: 11.8% (2018 est.)

Legal system

civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

description:

bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Unión consists of:
Senate or Cámara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies or Cámara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)



elections: Senate - last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2030)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2027)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - awaiting official results from the 2 June 2024 election

Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - awaiting official results from the 2 June 2024 election

note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95.2%

male: 96.1%

female: 94.5% (2020)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

International organization participation

ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Nationality

noun: Mexican(s)

adjective: Mexican

Natural resources

petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Geography - note

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the "Three Sisters" companion plants -- winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans -- served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species -- including the non-avian dinosaurs

Economic overview

upper-middle income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; low unemployment; inflation gradually decreasing amid tight monetary policy; state intervention in energy sector and public infrastructure projects; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence

Pipelines

17,210 km natural gas (2022), 9,757 km oil (2017), 10,237 km refined products (2020)

Political parties

Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA
National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD
This Is For Mexico (Va Por México) (alliance that includes PAN, PRI, and PRD)
Together We Make History (Juntos Hacemos Historia) (alliance that included MORENA, PT, PVEM) (dissolved 23 December 2020)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: with a large population and relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, (86 lines for mobile broadband for every 100 habitants in June 2021) Mexico’s telecom sector has potential for growth; adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers (24.6 million fixed line subscribers and 125 million mobile line subscribers in June 2021); relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, potential for growth and international investment; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable; 5G development slow in part due to high costs (2021)

domestic: fixed-line teledensity 19 lines per every 100; mobile-cellular teledensity is 98 per 100 persons (2021)

international: country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the ARCOS-1 and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the U.S.; Pan-American Crossing (PAC) submarine cable system provides access to Panama, California, U.S., and Costa Rica; Lazaro Cardenas-Manzanillo Santiago submarines cable system (LCMSSCS) provides access to Michoacan, Guerrero, and Colima, Mexico; AMX-1 submarine cable system with access to Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Gulf of California Cable submarine cable systems that connects La Paz, Baja California Sur and Topolobambo, Sinaloa; and Aurora submarine cable system provides access to Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, and the U.S. satellite earth stations - 124 (36 Intelsat, 1 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 9 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2022)

Terrain

high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

Government type

federal presidential republic

Country name

conventional long form: United Mexican States

conventional short form: Mexico

local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos

local short form: Mexico

former: Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire

etymology: named after the capital city, whose name stems from the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

Location

North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

Map references

North America

Irrigated land

60,620 sq km (2020)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragán (since 20 April 2021)

chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600

FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698

email address and website:
mexembusa@sre.gob.mx

https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/

consulate(s) general: Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)

consulate(s): Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)

 

Internet country code

.mx

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 35,755 (Honduras), 13,531 (El Salvador) (mid-year 2022); 113,108 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2023)

IDPs: 386,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2022)

stateless persons: 13 (2022)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.789 trillion (2023 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: BBB- (2020)

Moody's rating: Baa1 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2020)

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Total renewable water resources

461.89 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years

male: 15 years

female: 15 years (2020)

Urbanization

urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Broadcast media

telecom reform in 2013 enabled the creation of new broadcast television channels after decades of a quasi-monopoly; Mexico has 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations and most are privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available; in 2016, Mexico became the first country in Latin America to complete the transition from analog to digital transmissions, allowing for better image and audio quality and a wider selection of programming from networks (2022)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 98.3% of population

total: 99.7% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 1.7% of population

total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)

National anthem

name: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico)

lyrics/music: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA

note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as "Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed
This is an audio of the National Anthem for Mexico. The national anthem is generally a patriotic musical composition - usually in the form of a song or hymn of praise - that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, or struggles of a nation or its people. National anthems can be officially recognized as a national song by a country's constitution or by an enacted law, or simply by tradition. Although most anthems contain lyrics, some do not.

Major urban areas - population

22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Physician density

2.43 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density

1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

National symbol(s)

golden eagle, dahlia; national colors: green, white, red

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.3 years (2008 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

73.1% (2018)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 70.4% (2023 est.)

government consumption: 11% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 24.4% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services: 36.2% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services: -37.9% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 49.4

youth dependency ratio: 37.3

elderly dependency ratio: 12.2

potential support ratio: 8.2 (2021 est.)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: not specified

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Population distribution

most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas: 99.8%

electrification - rural areas: 100%

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 16 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 370

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 64,569,640 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,090,380,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

XA

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 99.9% of population

rural: 96.4% of population

total: 99.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population

rural: 3.6% of population

total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)

note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

Religions

Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant/evangelical Christian 11.2%, other 0.002%, unaffiliated (includes atheism) 10.6% (2020 est.)

Languages

Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)

major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Spanish audio sample

Imports - partners

US 56%, China 17%, Germany 3%, South Korea 3%, Japan 2% (2022)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Elevation

highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m

lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m

mean elevation: 1,111 m

Military - note

the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; in recent years, internal security duties have been a key focus, particularly in countering narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces’ role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President LÓPEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast (2024)

Current health expenditure

6.2% of GDP (2020)

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies; approximately 220,000 armed forces personnel (160,000 Army; 10,000 Air Force; 50,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines); approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons and equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; a considerable portion of its inventory, such as ships and fighter aircraft, are older, secondhand items from the US; over the past decade, the Mexican military has made efforts to acquire more modern equipment; Mexico's defense industry produces some naval vessels and light armored vehicles, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2023)

Total water withdrawal

municipal: 13.17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 8.56 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 67.83 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 53.1 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2.655 million tons (2013 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5% (2013 est.)

Average household expenditures

on food: 25.7% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 3.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 17.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 486.41 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 135.77 megatons (2020 est.)

Major aquifers

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km

salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 35 (27 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c)

Child marriage

women married by age 15: 3.6%

women married by age 18: 20.7% (2018 est.)

Coal

production: 7.453 million metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption: 18.423 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports: 2,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports: 9.917 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves: 1.211 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 75% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

nuclear: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar: 3.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind: 6.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity: 10.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

geothermal: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

biomass and waste: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Natural gas

production: 31.422 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

consumption: 90.566 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

exports: 30.129 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports: 59.436 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves: 180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 1.737 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.88 (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

56.6% (2023 est.)

Remittances

3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
4.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
4.19% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2023)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.55GW (2023 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 4.9% (2023 est.)

Space program overview

the AEM’s focus is on coordinating Mexico’s space policy and the country’s commercial space sector, including developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure, and acquiring satellites; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research in a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including satellites and satellite payloads, telecommunications, remote sensing, robotics, Earth and weather sciences, astronomy, and astrophysics; has relations with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the European Space Agency (ESA) and its member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; leading member of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Space agency/agencies

Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013)  (2024)

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 2

global geoparks and regional networks: Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)

Ports

total ports: 35 (2024)

large: 0

medium: 7

small: 10

very small: 14

size unknown: 4

ports with oil terminals: 21

key ports: Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz

Labor force

60.042 million (2023 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 6.1% (2023 est.)

male: 5.8% (2023 est.)

female: 6.7% (2023 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Net migration rate

-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 30.8 years (2024 est.)

male: 28.8 years

female: 32.7 years

Debt - external

$286.005 billion (2022 est.)

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Maternal mortality ratio

59 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$214.317 billion (2023 est.)
$201.119 billion (2022 est.)
$207.799 billion (2021 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Waterways

2,900 km (2012) (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast)

Public debt

44.05% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Total fertility rate

1.79 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Military expenditures

0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate

2.81% (2023 est.)
3.26% (2022 est.)
4.02% (2021 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population

total: 130,739,927

male: 63,899,138

female: 66,840,789 (2024 est.)

Internet users

total: 98.8 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 76% (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

453.6 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 38.781 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 246.324 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 168.494 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Area

total : 1,964,375 sq km

land: 1,943,945 sq km

water: 20,430 sq km

Taxes and other revenues

13.44% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.873 trillion (2023 est.)
$2.783 trillion (2022 est.)
$2.678 trillion (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Roadways

total: 704,884 km

paved: 175,526 km (includes 10,845 km of expressways)

unpaved: 529,358 km (2017)

Airports

1,485 (2024)

Infant mortality rate

total: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 127.872 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

43.5 (2022 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.53% (2023 est.)
7.9% (2022 est.)
5.69% (2021 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance

-$5.716 billion (2023 est.)
-$17.667 billion (2022 est.)
-$4.493 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Real GDP per capita

$22,400 (2023 est.)
$21,800 (2022 est.)
$21,100 (2021 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 21,936,131 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2020 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 13.1% (2020 est.)

male: 19.9% (2020 est.)

female: 6.2% (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

28.9% (2016)

Energy consumption per capita

59.319 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Death rate

6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Birth rate

14.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 104.318 million kW (2022 est.)

consumption: 296.969 billion kWh (2022 est.)

exports: 1.447 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports: 4.551 billion kWh (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 39.275 billion kWh (2022 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 674 (2023)

by type: bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

4.2% (2021)

Imports

$673.828 billion (2023 est.)
$672.914 billion (2022 est.)
$560.842 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports

$649.312 billion (2023 est.)
$630.384 billion (2022 est.)
$537.714 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 27.185 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2022 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74.6 years (2024 est.)

male: 71.6 years

female: 77.7 years

Real GDP growth rate

3.23% (2023 est.)
3.95% (2022 est.)
5.74% (2021 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Industrial production growth rate

3.52% (2023 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Railways

total: 23,389 km (2017)

standard gauge: 23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 4% (2023 est.)

industry: 31.8% (2023 est.)

services: 58.3% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Revenue from forest resources

0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Education expenditures

4.3% of GDP (2018 est.)

Population growth rate

0.72% (2024 est.)
Sources: