Ethiopia - ET - ETH - ETH - Africa

chief of mission: Ambassador Ervin MASSINGA (since 4 October 2023)

embassy: Entoto Street, P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa

mailing address: 2030 Addis Ababa Place, Washington DC  20521-2030

telephone: [251] 111-30-60-00

FAX: [251] 111-24-24-01

email address and website:
AddisACS@state.gov

https://et.usembassy.gov/

0-14 years: 38.7% (male 23,092,496/female 22,765,882)

15-64 years: 58% (male 34,175,328/female 34,536,238)

65 years and over: 3.4% (2024 est.) (male 1,794,269/female 2,186,085)

8 00 N, 38 00 E

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m) is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

18-22 years of age for voluntary military service (although the military may, when necessary, recruit a person more than 22 years old); no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2023)

The area that is modern-day Ethiopia is rich in cultural and religious diversity with more than 80 ethnic groups. The oldest hominid yet found comes from Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity in the 4th century A.D. A series of monarchies ruled the area that is now Ethiopia from 980 B.C. to 1855, when the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia united in an empire under Tewodros II. Many Ethiopians still speak reverently about the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when they defeated Italian forces and won their freedom from colonial rule.

Emperor Haile SELASSIE became an internationally renowned figure in 1935, when he unsuccessfully appealed to the League of Nations to prevent Italy from occupying Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. SELASSIE survived an attempted coup in 1960, annexed modern-day Eritrea in 1962, and played a leading role in establishing the Organization of African Unity in 1963. However, in 1974, a military junta called the Derg deposed him and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, drought, and massive displacement, the Derg regime was toppled in 1991 by a coalition of opposing forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF became an ethno-federalist political coalition that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 until its dissolution in 2019. Ethiopia adopted its constitution in 1994 and held its first multiparty elections in 1995.

A two-and-a-half-year border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in 2000. Ethiopia subsequently rejected the 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission demarcation. This resulted in more than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate between the two countries. In 2012, longtime Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in 2018, and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office the same year as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In 2018, ABIY promoted a rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement and a reopening of their shared border. In 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition, the EPRDF, merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party; however, the lead coalition party, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), declined to join. In 2020, a military conflict erupted between forces aligned with the TPLF and the Ethiopian military. The conflict -- which was marked by atrocities committed by all parties -- ended in 2022 with a cessation of hostilities agreement between the TPLF and the Ethiopian Government. However, Ethiopia continues to experience ethnic-based violence as other groups -- including the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) and Amhara militia Fano -- seek concessions from the Ethiopian Government.

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; loss of biodiversity; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management; industrial pollution and pesticides contribute to air, water, and soil pollution

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
1% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

23.5% (2015 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

lowest 10%: 3.5% (2021 est.)

highest 10%: 24.8% (2021 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

coffee, garments, dried legumes, cut flowers, oil seeds (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 12%, China 10%, UAE 8%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Netherlands 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

12 ethnically based regional states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 chartered cities* (astedader akabibiwach, singular - astedader akabibi); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela), Hareri Hizb (Harari), Oromia, Sidama, Sumale, Tigray, YeDebub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples), YeDebub M'irab Ityop'iya Hizboch (Southwest Ethiopia Peoples), Southern Ethiopia Peoples

maize, cereals, wheat, milk, sorghum, barley, taro, beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF; aka Federal Defense Force of Ethiopia, FDRE): Army, Air Force, Naval Force, Defense Cyber Main Directorate (2025)

note 1: national and regional police forces are responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order, with the ENDF sometimes providing internal security support; the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) report to the Prime Minister’s Office

note 2: the regional governments control regional security forces, including "special" paramilitary forces, which generally operate independently from the federal government and in some cases operate as regional defense forces maintaining national borders; in April 2023, the federal government ordered the integration of these regional special forces into the EFP or ENDF; in some cases, the regional governments have maintained former members of the special forces for “crowd control/Adma Bitena” as a separate unit within their security structures; local militias also operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with regional security and police forces, the ENDF, and the EFP

note 3: in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard military unit as a separate command operationally under the Office of the Prime Minister and administratively accountable to the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for protecting senior officials and government institutions and conducting some military operations 

revenues: $7.009 billion (2022 est.)

expenditures: $8.83 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

name: Addis Ababa

geographic coordinates: 9 02 N, 38 42 E

time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name in Amharic means "new flower;" Empress TAITU gave the name to the new capital city in 1887 

refined petroleum, fertilizers, plastics, raw sugar, cars (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

0 km (landlocked)

history: several previous; latest drafted June 1994, adopted 8 December 1994, entered into force 21 August 1995

amendment process: proposals submitted for discussion require two-thirds majority approval in either house of Parliament or majority approval of one-third of the State Councils; passage of amendments other than constitutional articles on fundamental rights and freedoms and the initiation and amendment of the constitution requires two-thirds majority vote in a joint session of Parliament and majority vote by two thirds of the State Councils; passage of amendments affecting rights and freedoms and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote in each house of Parliament and majority vote by all the State Councils

birr (ETB) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
54.601 (2023 est.)
51.756 (2022 est.)
43.734 (2021 est.)
34.927 (2020 est.)
29.07 (2019 est.)

chief of state: President TAYE Atske Selassie (since 7 October 2024)

head of government: Prime Minister ABIY Ahmed Ali (since April 2018)

cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives

election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by both chambers of Parliament for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister designated by the majority party following legislative elections

most recent election date: 21 June 2021 and 30 September 2021 (scheduled 29 August 2020 election was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic)

election results:
2021: SAHLE-WORK Zewde reelected president during joint session of Parliament, vote - 659 (unanimous); ABIY confirmed Prime Minister by House of Peoples' Representatives (4 October 2021)

2018: SAHLE-WORK Zewde elected president during joint session of Parliament, vote - 659 (unanimous); snap election held on 25 October 2018 due to resignation of President MULATA Teshome

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green stands for hope and the land's fertility, yellow for justice and harmony, and red for sacrifice and heroism; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace, and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the Ethiopian people

note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and newly independent African countries often adopted the Ethiopian flag's colors, leading them to become known as the pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996

oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world, at least 2,000 years; may be traced to the Aksumite Kingdom, which appeared in the first century B.C.

food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, garments, chemicals, metals processing, cement

highest court(s): Federal Supreme Court (consists of 11 judges)

judge selection and term of office: president and vice president of Federal Supreme Court recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; other Supreme Court judges nominated by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council (a 10-member body chaired by the president of the Federal Supreme Court) and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; judges serve until retirement at age 60

subordinate courts: federal high courts and federal courts of first instance; state court systems (mirror structure of federal system); sharia courts and customary and traditional courts

note: the House of Federation has jurisdiction for all constitutional issues

total: 5,925 km

border countries (6): Djibouti 342 km; Eritrea 1,033 km; Kenya 867 km; Somalia 1,640 km; South Sudan 1,299 km; Sudan 744 km

agricultural land: 34.1% (2022 est.)

arable land: 14.5% (2022 est.)

permanent crops: 1.8% (2022 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.7% (2022 est.)

forest: 15% (2022 est.)

other: 50.9% (2022 est.)

civil law system

legislative structure: bicameral

note: the House of Federation is responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues, and the House of People's Representatives is responsible for passing legislation

total population: 47.5% (2016 est.)

male: 62.6% (2016 est.)

female: 40.4% (2019 est.)

none (landlocked)

ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, BRICS, COMESA, EITI, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (accession candidate)

Derg Downfall Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)

noun: Ethiopian(s)

adjective: Ethiopian

small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower

the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia

Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice and Democracy or EZEMA   
Gedeo People's Democratic Party
Independent
Kucha People Democratic Party 
National Movement of Amhara or NAMA
Prosperity Party or PP

total: 659 km (2017) (Ethiopian segment of the 756 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad)

standard gauge: 659 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge

note: electric railway with redundant power supplies; under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia and managed by a Chinese contractor

18 years of age; universal

high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley

federal parliamentary republic

conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

conventional short form: Ethiopia

local long form: YeItyop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik

local short form: Ityop'iya

former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa

abbreviation: FDRE

etymology: the country name derives from the ancient Greek word used to describe the inhabitants, aithiops, meaning "burnt appearance"

Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Africa

1,814 sq km (2020)

chief of mission: Ambassador BINALF Andualem Ashenef (since 25 February 2025)

chancery: 3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 364-1200

FAX: [1] (202) 587-0195

email address and website:
ethiopia@ethiopianembassy.org

https://ethiopianembassy.org/

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, St. Paul (MN)

percent of population: 17% (2021 est.)

.et

refugees (country of origin): 167,391 (Eritrea) (2023); 420,502 (South Sudan), 314,976 (Somalia), 111,778 (Sudan) (refugees since 15 April 2023) (2024)

IDPs: 4.385 million (includes conflict- and climate-induced IDPs, excluding unverified estimates from the Amhara region; border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Somali and Oromia regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most IDPs live in Sumale state) (2023)

$126.773 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

122 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

urban population: 23.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

10 public/state broadcasters; 9 public/state radio stations; 13 commercial FM radio stations; 18 commercial TV stations; 45 community radio stations; 5 community TV stations (2023)

improved:

urban: 98.5% of population

rural: 70.2% of population

total: 76.4% of population

unimproved:

urban: 1.5% of population

rural: 29.8% of population

total: 23.6% of population (2020 est.)

title: "Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enat Ethiopia" (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia)

lyrics/music: DEREJE Melaku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu

history: adopted 1992

5.461 million ADDIS ABABA (capital) (2023)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

0.14 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

0.3 beds/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Abyssinian lion (traditional), yellow pentagram with five rays of light on a blue field (promoted by government)

19.3 years (2019 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

37.7% (2020)

household consumption: 80.2% (2024 est.)

government consumption: 5.5% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 20.5% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services: 5.6% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services: -11.8% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

total dependency ratio: 72.5 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 66.7 (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 5.8 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio: 17.3 (2024 est.)

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Ethiopia

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years

highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated, as shown in this population distribution map

electrification - total population: 55% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas: 94%

electrification - rural areas: 43%

ET

improved:

urban: 52.5% of population

rural: 8.1% of population

total: 17.7% of population

unimproved:

urban: 47.5% of population

rural: 91.9% of population

total: 82.3% of population (2020 est.)

Oromo 35.8%, Amhara 24.1%, Somali 7.2%, Tigray 5.7%, Sidama 4.1%, Guragie 2.6%, Welaita 2.3%, Afar 2.2%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 13.5% (2022 est.)

Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, other 0.8% (2016 est.)

Oromo (official regional working language) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official regional working language) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official regional working language) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official regional working language) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (2007 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Kitaaba Addunyaa Waan Qabataamaatiif - Kan Madda Odeeffannoo bu’uraawaatiif baay’ee barbaachisaa ta’e. (Oromo)

የአለም እውነታ መጽሐፍ፣ ለመሠረታዊ መረጃ እጅግ አስፈላጊ የሆነ ምንጭ። (Amharic)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

China 26%, Djibouti 16%, India 7%, Kuwait 7%, Saudi Arabia 6% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

highest point: Ras Dejen 4,550 m

lowest point: Danakil Depression -125 m

mean elevation: 1,330 m

3.2% of GDP (2021)

5.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) is focused on both external threats emanating from its neighbors and internal threats from multiple internal armed groups; since 1998, the ENDF has engaged in several conventional and counterinsurgency operations, including border wars with Eritrea (1998-2000) and Somalia (2006-2008) and internal conflicts with the Tigray regional state (2020-2022), multiple insurgent groups and ethnic militias, and the al-Shabaab terrorist group; as of 2025, the ENDF was actively conducting counterinsurgency operations against anti-government militants in several states, including the Amhara militia Fano and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), as well as al-Shabaab in Somalia (2025)

available information varies widely; estimated 150-300,000 active-duty Defense Force  (2025)

the ENDF's major weapons and equipment inventory has traditionally been comprised of Russian, Soviet, and Eastern bloc material; it suffered considerable equipment losses during the 2020-2022 Tigray conflict; in more recent years, Ethiopia has diversified its arms sources to include weapons from China, Israel, Turkey, Ukraine, and the UAE; Ethiopia has a modest industrial defense base centered on small arms and production of armored vehicles under license (2024)

as many as 10,000 troops Somalia (approximately 2,500 under the AU; the remainder under a bilateral agreement with the Somali Government); 1,500 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2024)

Terrorist group(s): al-Shabaab

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

municipal: 810 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural: 9.69 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 6,532,787 tons (2015 est.)

on food: 37.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco: 3.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 21.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 14.87 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 114.21 megatons (2020 est.)

Ogaden-Juba Basin, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Lake Tana - 3,600 sq km; Abaya Hayk - 1,160 sq km; Ch'amo Hayk - 550 sq km

salt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Kenya) - 6,400 sq km; Abhe Bid Hayk/Abhe Bad (shared with Djibouti) - 780 sq km; 

Blue Nile river source (shared with Sudan [m]) - 1,600 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

total World Heritage Sites: 12 (10 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela (c); Simien National Park (n); Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region (c); Aksum (c); Lower Valley of the Awash (c); Lower Valley of the Omo (c); Tiya (c); Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town (c); Konso Cultural Landscape (c); Gedeo Cultural Landscape (c); Bale Mountains National Park (n); Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia (c)

women married by age 15: 14.1% (2016)

women married by age 18: 40.3% (2016)

men married by age 18: 5% (2016)

production: 456,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption: 1.653 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports: 1,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports: 1.153 million metric tons (2023 est.)

solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind: 3.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity: 96.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

geothermal: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

proven reserves: 24.919 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 102,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 428,000 barrels (2021 est.)

1.89 (2024 est.)

67.5% (2023 est.)

0.33% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

has a small space program to acquire and operate satellites, as well as conduct research; jointly builds satellites with foreign partners and operates and exploits remote sensing (RS) satellites; developing the ability to manufacture satellites and their associated payloads; involved in astronomy and in the construction of space observatories; cooperates on space-related issues with a variety of countries, including China, France, India, Russia, and multiple African countries, particularly Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda; shares RS data with neighboring countries (2024)

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Ethiopian Space Science and Geospatial Institute (ESSGI; formed in 2022 from the joining of the Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute or ESSTI and the Ethiopian Geospatial Information Institute or EGII) (2024)

chamber name: House of Peoples' Representatives (Yehizb Tewokayoch Mekir Bete)

number of seats: 547 (all directly elected)

electoral system: plurality/majority

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 6/21/2021 to 9/30/2021

parties elected and seats per party: Prosperity Party (448); Other (22)

percentage of women in chamber: 41.9%

expected date of next election: June 2026

note: only 470 of the 547 seats in the House of People's Representatives were filled during the 2021 elections due to security issues in the Tigray State and other areas

chamber name: House of the Federation (Yefedereshein Mekir Bete)

number of seats: 153 (all indirectly elected)

scope of elections: full renewal

term in office: 5 years

most recent election date: 10/4/2021

percentage of women in chamber: 29.7%

expected date of next election: October 2026

green, yellow, red

54.47 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total: 5.4% (2024 est.)

male: 4% (2024 est.)

female: 7.2% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total: 20.4 years (2024 est.)

male: 20.2 years

female: 20.7 years

$25.426 billion (2023 est.)

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

195 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

$3.784 billion (2024 est.)
$2.028 billion (2023 est.)
$1.192 billion (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

31.4% of GDP (2019 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

3.84 children born/woman (2024 est.)

3.4% (2024 est.)
3.5% (2023 est.)
3.5% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 118,550,298 (2024 est.)

male: 59,062,093

female: 59,488,205

18.519 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 3.427 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 15.092 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total : 1,104,300 sq km

land: 1,096,570 sq km

water: 7,730 sq km

note: area numbers are approximate since a large portion of the Ethiopia-Somalia border is undefined

3.9% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

$380.895 billion (2024 est.)
$354.926 billion (2023 est.)
$332.97 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

58 (2025)

total: 32.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

male: 37.4 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births

total subscriptions: 71.4 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 56 (2022 est.)

31.1 (2021 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

21% (2024 est.)
30.2% (2023 est.)
33.9% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

-$4.788 billion (2023 est.)
-$5.16 billion (2022 est.)
-$4.507 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$2,900 (2024 est.)
$2,800 (2023 est.)
$2,700 (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

total: 566,000 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1

total: 4.5% (2025 est.)

male: 7.7% (2025 est.)

female: 1.4% (2025 est.)

4.5% (2016)

2.366 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

29.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

installed generating capacity: 5.69 million kW (2023 est.)

consumption: 12.298 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports: 1.762 billion kWh (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 4.194 billion kWh (2023 est.)

total: 12 (2023)

by type: general cargo 10, oil tanker 2

21.2% (2019)

$22.951 billion (2023 est.)
$24.187 billion (2022 est.)
$20.859 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$10.865 billion (2023 est.)
$10.971 billion (2022 est.)
$9.496 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

1 (2025)

total subscriptions: 862,000 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2022 est.) less than 1

total: 1.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer: 0.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits: 0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total population: 67.7 years (2024 est.)

male: 65.4 years

female: 70 years

7.3% (2024 est.)
6.6% (2023 est.)
5.3% (2022 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

9.2% (2024 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

agriculture: 34.9% (2024 est.)

industry: 25.4% (2024 est.)

services: 37.6% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

16.7% national budget (2024 est.)

2.37% (2024 est.)